B1 İngilizce kursu: Orta

Use have/has + past participle for experiences at any time in your life, without saying when.

• Have you ever been to Japan? (Hiç Japonya'ya gittin mi?)
• I've never tried sushi. (Hiç suşi denemedim.)
• She has climbed a mountain twice. (O iki kez dağa tırmandı.)

ever goes in questions, never makes the sentence negative.

been to = went and came back (gidip döndü).
gone to = went and is still there (gitti, hâlâ orada).

• Ali has been to Paris. He loved it. (Ali Paris'e gitti ve döndü.)
• Ali has gone to Paris. He's not here now. (Ali Paris'e gitti, şu an burada değil.)

Present perfect: the time is not important or not finished.
Past simple: a finished time is given (yesterday, in 2019, last summer, two years ago).

• I've visited Rome. (Roma'yı ziyaret ettim.)
• I visited Rome in 2019. (2019'da Roma'yı ziyaret ettim.)

Never say I have visited Rome last year.

Use the present perfect for situations that started in the past and continue now.

• for + a period: for three years, for a long time (üç yıldır)
• since + a starting point: since 2020, since Monday (2020'den beri)

• I've worked here for five years. (Beş yıldır burada çalışıyorum.)
• She's been a nurse since 2018. (2018'den beri hemşire.)

Turkish uses the present tense here, English does not: never I work here for five years.

• just = a moment ago (az önce): I've just sent the email.
• already = sooner than expected (zaten, çoktan): She's already finished the report.
• yet = in questions and negatives, at the end (henüz, daha): Have you called him yet? I haven't* called him yet.*

apply for a job (işe başvurmak), hire (işe almak), salary (maaş), colleague (iş arkadaşı), manager (yönetici), experience (deneyim), skills (beceriler).

I've applied for three jobs this month. (Bu ay üç işe başvurdum.)

If + present, present for things that are always true (genel gerçekler).

• If you heat ice, it melts. (Buzu ısıtırsan erir.)
• If I drink coffee at night, I can't sleep. (Gece kahve içersem uyuyamam.)

If + present, will + verb for a real possibility in the future (gerçek olasılık).

• If it rains tomorrow, we'll stay at home. (Yarın yağmur yağarsa evde kalacağız.)
• If you don't hurry, you'll miss the bus. (Acele etmezsen otobüsü kaçıracaksın.)

No will after if: never If it will rain.

unless = if not (-mezse, -madıkça): I won't go unless* you come.* (Sen gelmezsen gitmem.)

when = it will surely happen (-ince): *When I get home, I'll call you.* (Eve varınca seni ararım.)
if = maybe it will happen (-se, -sa): *If I see Ayşe, I'll tell her.* (Ayşe'yi görürsem ona söylerim.)

If + past simple, would + verb for imaginary or unlikely situations (hayali durumlar).

• If I had a lot of money, I'd travel the world. (Çok param olsa dünyayı gezerdim.)
• If she lived near the sea, she would swim every day. (Denize yakın yaşasa her gün yüzerdi.)

The verb looks past, but the meaning is now or future.

Use I wish + past simple for things you want to be different now (keşke).

• I wish I had more free time. (Keşke daha çok boş vaktim olsa.)
• I wish I could speak Japanese. (Keşke Japonca konuşabilsem.)
• I wish it wasn't so cold. (Keşke bu kadar soğuk olmasa.)

For advice say If I were you, I'd... (Senin yerinde olsam...).

• If I were you, I'd talk to her. (Senin yerinde olsam onunla konuşurdum.)
• If I were you, I wouldn't buy that car.

After if, were is used for all persons: If he were here...

used to + verb = a past habit or state that is not true now (eskiden ...erdim).

• I used to play football every day. (Eskiden her gün futbol oynardım.)
• We didn't use to have a car. (Eskiden arabamız yoktu.)
• Did you use to live in Izmir?

After did/didn't, write use to without d.

would + verb can also describe repeated past actions, often in stories.

• Every summer, my grandmother would make jam. (Her yaz büyükannem reçel yapardı.)

But would is not used for past states: I used to* have long hair, never I would have long hair*.

be used to + -ing / noun = something is normal for you (alışkın olmak).
get used to + -ing / noun = it is becoming normal (alışmak).

• I'm used to getting up early. (Erken kalkmaya alışkınım.)
• I'm getting used to the cold weather. (Soğuk havaya alışıyorum.)

Compare: I used to* get up early* = I did it before, not now.

am / is / are + past participle when the action matters more than the person.

• Coffee is grown in Brazil. (Kahve Brezilya'da yetiştirilir.)
• These cars are made in Turkey. (Bu arabalar Türkiye'de üretilir.)

Turkish uses -il / -in: yapılır, yetiştirilir.

was / were + past participle for finished actions.

• The bridge was built in 1973. (Köprü 1973'te inşa edildi.)
• The letters were sent yesterday. (Mektuplar dün gönderildi.)

Negative: wasn't / weren't: The parcel wasn't delivered. (Paket teslim edilmedi.)

Add by only when the person is important or new information.

• Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare. (Shakespeare tarafından yazıldı.)
• The telephone was invented by Bell. (Bell tarafından icat edildi.)

by = tarafından. We usually leave it out when the doer is unknown or obvious.

A relative clause tells us which person or thing we mean.

• She's the woman who lives next door. (Yan dairede oturan kadın.)
• This is the bag which I bought in Izmir. (İzmir'de aldığım çanta.)

Turkish puts this before the noun (-an / -en, -dığı); English puts it after.

In defining clauses, that can replace who or which.

• The man that called you is my boss. (Seni arayan adam patronum.)
• The phone that I want is too expensive. (İstediğim telefon çok pahalı.)

Don't repeat the object: ~~the phone that I want it~~.

Use where after a place noun.

• This is the café where we first met. (İlk tanıştığımız kafe.)
• I visited the town where my mother was born. (Annemin doğduğu kasaba.)

where = a place + something happens there.

After enjoy, love, like, hate, finish, avoid, mind, keep use -ing.

• I enjoy reading before bed. (Yatmadan önce okumaktan keyif alırım.)
• She keeps practising the guitar. (Gitar çalışmaya devam ediyor.)

Also after prepositions: I'm good at drawing. (Resim çizmekte iyiyim.)

After decide, want, hope, plan, learn, need, promise, agree use to + verb.

• I decided to learn Spanish. (İspanyolca öğrenmeye karar verdim.)
• We hope to travel next year. (Seneye seyahat etmeyi umuyoruz.)

Never: ~~I decided learning~~.

The meaning changes.

• I stopped smoking. (Sigarayı bıraktım.) / I stopped to buy water. (Su almak için durdum.)
• Remember to call Mum. (Annemi aramayı unutma.) / I remember meeting him. (Onunla tanıştığımı hatırlıyorum.)
• Try to sleep early. (Erken uyumaya çalış.) / Try drinking tea. (Çay içmeyi bir dene.)

Both mean something is necessary (zorunlu).

• You must wear a helmet. (Kask takmalısın.) is often a rule or the speaker's opinion.
• I have to work on Saturday. (Cumartesi çalışmak zorundayım.) is often an outside duty.

Past: only had to: I had to wait an hour. (Bir saat beklemek zorunda kaldım.)

They are very different!

• You mustn't use your phone in the exam. (Sınavda telefon kullanmamalısın, yasak.)
• You don't have to wear a uniform. (Üniforma giymek zorunda değilsin, gerek yok.)

mustn't = forbidden. don't have to = not necessary.

should gives advice (tavsiye): You should ask your manager. (Müdürüne sormalısın.)

be allowed to means permission (izin):

• We are allowed to leave early on Fridays. (Cuma günleri erken çıkmamıza izin var.)
• Students aren't allowed to eat in class. (Öğrencilerin sınıfta yemesine izin yok.)

Start with an opinion phrase:

• I think phones are useful. (Bence telefonlar faydalı.)
• In my opinion, kids spend too much time online. (Bence çocuklar internette çok vakit geçiriyor.)
• I don't think it's a good idea. (Bunun iyi bir fikir olduğunu sanmıyorum.)

Say I don't think it's good, not ~~I think it isn't good~~.

because + a full sentence gives the reason.

• I use this app because it's free. (Bu uygulamayı kullanıyorum çünkü ücretsiz.)

because of + a noun: I was late because of the traffic. (Trafik yüzünden geç kaldım.)

Both show contrast (zıtlık).

• Although it's expensive, I love my laptop. (Pahalı olmasına rağmen dizüstümü seviyorum.)
• Social media is fun. However, it wastes time. (Sosyal medya eğlenceli. Ancak zaman kaybettiriyor.)

although joins two parts of one sentence; however starts a new sentence, usually with a comma.