A1 İngilizce kursu: Başlangıç

I am (ben ...im), you are (sen ...sin), he/she is (o ...dır).

• I am Ali. = Ben Ali'yim.
• She is from Turkey. = O Türkiye'den.

Short forms: I'm, you're, he's, she's.

Turkish o has two English forms: he (erkek) and she (kadın).

• He is Mehmet. = O Mehmet.
• She is Ayşe. = O Ayşe.

Countries and nationalities always start with a capital letter.

• Turkey (Türkiye) / Turkish (Türk)
• England (İngiltere) / English (İngiliz)

I am from Turkey. = Türkiye'denim.

• my = benim
• your = senin
• his = onun (erkek)
• her = onun (kadın)

This is my mother. = Bu benim annem. Her name is Ayşe. = Onun adı Ayşe.

this = bu (yakın), that = şu / o (uzak).

• This is my brother. = Bu benim erkek kardeşim.
• That is his car. = Şu onun arabası.

Use have got for "sahip olmak": I have got a sister. = Bir kız kardeşim var.

With he / she use has got: She has got blue eyes. = Onun mavi gözleri var.

Use a before a consonant sound and an before a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u).

• a banana, a sandwich
• an apple, an egg

Turkish has no article: an apple = bir elma.

Most nouns take -s in the plural: apple → apples (elmalar). Some take -es: tomato → tomatoes, sandwich → sandwiches.

Uncountable: water, milk, tea, bread have no -s.

• I like tea. = Çay severim.
• I don't like milk. = Süt sevmem.
• She likes coffee. (he/she + -s)
• I would like a coffee, please. = Bir kahve alabilir miyim, lütfen? (polite want)

Use the present simple for habits (alışkanlıklar).

• I work. (Çalışırım.)
• She works. (O çalışır.)

With he/she/it add -s: get up -> gets up, watch -> watches, go -> goes.

• I don't drink coffee. (Kahve içmem.)
• He doesn't work on Sunday. (Pazar günü çalışmaz.)
• Do you cook? (Yemek yapar mısın?)
• Does she play tennis?

After doesn't and does the verb has no -s.

always (her zaman), usually (genellikle), never (asla) go before the main verb: I usually walk.

Time: at seven o'clock (saat yedide), on Monday (pazartesi günü), in the morning (sabahleyin).

• There is a bank. (Bir banka var.) for one thing.
• There are two parks. (İki park var.) for many things.
• Question: Is there a café near here? (Yakında bir kafe var mı?)
• Negative: There isn't a hospital. (Hastane yok.)

in (içinde), on (üstünde / caddede), next to (yanında), between (arasında), opposite (karşısında).

The bank is between* the café and the hotel.* (Banka, kafe ile otelin arasında.)

Use the base verb with no subject: Turn left. (Sola dön.) Go straight. (Düz git.) Take the second street. (İkinci sokağa gir.)

Negative: Don't turn right. (Sağa dönme.)

• this (bu) + one thing near you: this shirt
• that (şu, o) + one thing far away: that hat
• these (bunlar) + many things near you: these shoes
• those (şunlar) + many things far away: those socks

• How much is this dress? (Bu elbise ne kadar?)
• How much are these jeans? (Bu kot pantolon ne kadar?)

Numbers: twenty, thirty, forty, fifty... It's forty-five pounds. (Kırk beş pound.)

• I'd like a blue T-shirt. (Mavi bir tişört istiyorum.)
• Can I try it on? (Deneyebilir miyim?)
• Can you help me? (Bana yardım edebilir misiniz?)

I'd like = I would like, more polite than I want.

• There is a sofa. (Bir kanepe var.)
• There are some chairs. (Birkaç sandalye var.)
• There aren't any books. (Hiç kitap yok.)
• Are there any windows? (Hiç pencere var mı?)

Use some in positive sentences, any in negatives and questions.

For possessions (sahip olunan şeyler):

• I have got a big kitchen. (Büyük bir mutfağım var.)
• She has got a garden.
• We haven't got a garage. (Garajımız yok.)
• Have you got a balcony? (Balkonun var mı?)

Short forms: I've got, she's got.

in (içinde), on (üstünde), under (altında), next to (yanında), between (arasında), in front of (önünde), behind (arkasında).

The lamp is next to the bed.

After like, love and hate use the verb + -ing.

• I love swimming. (Yüzmeyi çok severim.)
• She likes reading. (Okumayı sever.)
• I don't like cooking. (Yemek yapmayı sevmem.)
• He hates running. (Koşmaktan nefret eder.)

Spelling: swim -> swimming, run -> running, dance -> dancing.

can + verb shows ability (yapabilmek). It is the same for every person: no -s!

• I can swim. (Yüzebilirim.)
• She can't cook. (Yemek yapamaz.)
• Can you play the guitar? (Gitar çalabilir misin?) - Yes, I can. / No, I can't.

Do you want to + verb invites someone (davet etmek).

• Do you want to play tennis? (Tenis oynamak ister misin?)
• Yes, sure! (Evet, tabii!) / Sorry, I can't. (Üzgünüm, yapamam.)

Review: I often* play football. She sometimes dances.* (often = sık sık, sometimes = bazen)

Use it for actions happening now (şu anda olan eylemler).

• I am reading. (Okuyorum.)
• She is cooking. (Yemek yapıyor.)
• They are playing. (Oynuyorlar.)

Negative: I'm not working. Question: Are you working? (Çalışıyor musun?)

• Most verbs: read -> reading, play -> playing
• Silent -e goes: dance -> dancing, write -> writing
• Short verb, one vowel + one consonant: double it: swim -> swimming, run -> running, sit -> sitting

Present simple = habits (alışkanlıklar): I usually walk to work. (Genellikle işe yürürüm.)

Present continuous = now (şimdi): Today I am taking the bus. (Bugün otobüse biniyorum.)

Now words: now, right now, today, at the moment.

Use am / is / are + going to + verb for plans (planlar).

• I'm going to visit my grandmother. (Büyükannemi ziyaret edeceğim.)
• She's going to cook. (Yemek yapacak.)
• We aren't going to work. (Çalışmayacağız.)
• Are you going to come? (Gelecek misin?)

tomorrow (yarın), tonight (bu gece), this weekend (bu hafta sonu), next week (gelecek hafta), next month (gelecek ay).

They usually go at the end: I'm going to travel next week.

No on or in before this / next: ~~on next Monday~~ -> next Monday.

• Let's go to the cinema! (Hadi sinemaya gidelim!)
• Do you want to come? (Gelmek ister misin?)
• What are you going to do this weekend? (Bu hafta sonu ne yapacaksın?)
• Good idea! (İyi fikir!) / Sorry, I can't. (Üzgünüm, yapamam.)