B1 English course: Intermediate

Use have/has + past participle for experiences at any time in your life, without saying *when*. - Have you ever been to Japan? (Hiç Japonya'ya gittin mi?) - I've never tried sushi. (Hiç suşi denemedim.) - She has climbed a mountain twice. (O iki kez dağa tırmandı.) *ever* goes in questions, *never* makes the sentence negative.

been to = went and came back (gidip döndü). gone to = went and is still there (gitti, hâlâ orada). - Ali has been to Paris. He loved it. (Ali Paris'e gitti ve döndü.) - Ali has gone to Paris. He's not here now. (Ali Paris'e gitti, şu an burada değil.)

Present perfect: the time is not important or not finished. Past simple: a finished time is given (*yesterday, in 2019, last summer, two years ago*). - I've visited Rome. (Roma'yı ziyaret ettim.) - I visited Rome in 2019. (2019'da Roma'yı ziyaret ettim.) Never say *I have visited Rome last year*.

Use the present perfect for situations that started in the past and continue now. - for + a period: *for three years, for a long time* (üç yıldır) - since + a starting point: *since 2020, since Monday* (2020'den beri) - I've worked here for five years. (Beş yıldır burada çalışıyorum.) - She's been a nurse since 2018. (2018'den beri hemşire.) Turkish uses the present tense here, English does not: never *I work here for five years*.

- just = a moment ago (az önce): *I've just sent the email.* - already = sooner than expected (zaten, çoktan): *She's already finished the report.* - yet = in questions and negatives, at the end (henüz, daha): *Have you called him yet? I haven't called him yet.*

apply for a job (işe başvurmak), hire (işe almak), salary (maaş), colleague (iş arkadaşı), manager (yönetici), experience (deneyim), skills (beceriler). *I've applied for three jobs this month.* (Bu ay üç işe başvurdum.)

If + present, present for things that are always true (genel gerçekler). - If you heat ice, it melts. (Buzu ısıtırsan erir.) - If I drink coffee at night, I can't sleep. (Gece kahve içersem uyuyamam.)

If + present, will + verb for a real possibility in the future (gerçek olasılık). - If it rains tomorrow, we'll stay at home. (Yarın yağmur yağarsa evde kalacağız.) - If you don't hurry, you'll miss the bus. (Acele etmezsen otobüsü kaçıracaksın.) No *will* after *if*: never *If it will rain*.

unless = if not (-mezse, -madıkça): *I won't go unless you come.* (Sen gelmezsen gitmem.) when = it will surely happen (-ince): *When I get home, I'll call you.* (Eve varınca seni ararım.) if = maybe it will happen (-se, -sa): *If I see Ayşe, I'll tell her.* (Ayşe'yi görürsem ona söylerim.)

If + past simple, would + verb for imaginary or unlikely situations (hayali durumlar). - If I had a lot of money, I'd travel the world. (Çok param olsa dünyayı gezerdim.) - If she lived near the sea, she would swim every day. (Denize yakın yaşasa her gün yüzerdi.) The verb looks past, but the meaning is now or future.

Use I wish + past simple for things you want to be different now (keşke). - I wish I had more free time. (Keşke daha çok boş vaktim olsa.) - I wish I could speak Japanese. (Keşke Japonca konuşabilsem.) - I wish it wasn't so cold. (Keşke bu kadar soğuk olmasa.)

For advice say If I were you, I'd... (Senin yerinde olsam...). - If I were you, I'd talk to her. (Senin yerinde olsam onunla konuşurdum.) - If I were you, I wouldn't buy that car. After *if*, were is used for all persons: *If he were here...*

used to + verb = a past habit or state that is not true now (eskiden ...erdim). - I used to play football every day. (Eskiden her gün futbol oynardım.) - We didn't use to have a car. (Eskiden arabamız yoktu.) - Did you use to live in Izmir? After *did/didn't*, write use to without *d*.

would + verb can also describe repeated past actions, often in stories. - Every summer, my grandmother would make jam. (Her yaz büyükannem reçel yapardı.) But *would* is not used for past states: *I used to have long hair*, never *I would have long hair*.

be used to + -ing / noun = something is normal for you (alışkın olmak). get used to + -ing / noun = it is becoming normal (alışmak). - I'm used to getting up early. (Erken kalkmaya alışkınım.) - I'm getting used to the cold weather. (Soğuk havaya alışıyorum.) Compare: *I used to get up early* = I did it before, not now.

am / is / are + past participle when the action matters more than the person. - Coffee is grown in Brazil. (Kahve Brezilya'da yetiştirilir.) - These cars are made in Turkey. (Bu arabalar Türkiye'de üretilir.) Turkish uses *-il / -in*: yapılır, yetiştirilir.

was / were + past participle for finished actions. - The bridge was built in 1973. (Köprü 1973'te inşa edildi.) - The letters were sent yesterday. (Mektuplar dün gönderildi.) Negative: *wasn't / weren't*: The parcel wasn't delivered. (Paket teslim edilmedi.)

Add by only when the person is important or new information. - *Romeo and Juliet* was written by Shakespeare. (Shakespeare tarafından yazıldı.) - The telephone was invented by Bell. (Bell tarafından icat edildi.) *by* = *tarafından*. We usually leave it out when the doer is unknown or obvious.

A relative clause tells us which person or thing we mean. - She's the woman who lives next door. (Yan dairede oturan kadın.) - This is the bag which I bought in Izmir. (İzmir'de aldığım çanta.) Turkish puts this *before* the noun (-an / -en, -dığı); English puts it *after*.

In defining clauses, that can replace *who* or *which*. - The man that called you is my boss. (Seni arayan adam patronum.) - The phone that I want is too expensive. (İstediğim telefon çok pahalı.) Don't repeat the object: ~~the phone that I want it~~.

Use where after a place noun. - This is the café where we first met. (İlk tanıştığımız kafe.) - I visited the town where my mother was born. (Annemin doğduğu kasaba.) *where* = a place + something happens there.

After enjoy, love, like, hate, finish, avoid, mind, keep use -ing. - I enjoy reading before bed. (Yatmadan önce okumaktan keyif alırım.) - She keeps practising the guitar. (Gitar çalışmaya devam ediyor.) Also after prepositions: I'm good at drawing. (Resim çizmekte iyiyim.)

After decide, want, hope, plan, learn, need, promise, agree use to + verb. - I decided to learn Spanish. (İspanyolca öğrenmeye karar verdim.) - We hope to travel next year. (Seneye seyahat etmeyi umuyoruz.) Never: ~~I decided learning~~.

The meaning changes. - I stopped smoking. (Sigarayı bıraktım.) / I stopped to buy water. (Su almak için durdum.) - Remember to call Mum. (Annemi aramayı unutma.) / I remember meeting him. (Onunla tanıştığımı hatırlıyorum.) - Try to sleep early. (Erken uyumaya çalış.) / Try drinking tea. (Çay içmeyi bir dene.)

Both mean something is necessary (zorunlu). - You must wear a helmet. (Kask takmalısın.) is often a rule or the speaker's opinion. - I have to work on Saturday. (Cumartesi çalışmak zorundayım.) is often an outside duty. Past: only had to: I had to wait an hour. (Bir saat beklemek zorunda kaldım.)

They are very different! - You mustn't use your phone in the exam. (Sınavda telefon kullanmamalısın, yasak.) - You don't have to wear a uniform. (Üniforma giymek zorunda değilsin, gerek yok.) *mustn't* = forbidden. *don't have to* = not necessary.

should gives advice (tavsiye): You should ask your manager. (Müdürüne sormalısın.) be allowed to means permission (izin): - We are allowed to leave early on Fridays. (Cuma günleri erken çıkmamıza izin var.) - Students aren't allowed to eat in class. (Öğrencilerin sınıfta yemesine izin yok.)

Start with an opinion phrase: - I think phones are useful. (Bence telefonlar faydalı.) - In my opinion, kids spend too much time online. (Bence çocuklar internette çok vakit geçiriyor.) - I don't think it's a good idea. (Bunun iyi bir fikir olduğunu sanmıyorum.) Say *I don't think it's good*, not ~~I think it isn't good~~.

because + a full sentence gives the reason. - I use this app because it's free. (Bu uygulamayı kullanıyorum çünkü ücretsiz.) because of + a noun: I was late because of the traffic. (Trafik yüzünden geç kaldım.)

Both show contrast (zıtlık). - Although it's expensive, I love my laptop. (Pahalı olmasına rağmen dizüstümü seviyorum.) - Social media is fun. However, it wastes time. (Sosyal medya eğlenceli. Ancak zaman kaybettiriyor.) *although* joins two parts of one sentence; *however* starts a new sentence, usually with a comma.