A2 İngilizce kursu: Temel

The past of am/is is was, the past of are is were.

• I was at home yesterday. (Dün evdeydim.)
• They were tired. (Yorgundular.)
• She wasn't at work. (İşte değildi.)
• Were you at school? (Okulda mıydın?)

Add -ed for all persons: work -> worked, play -> played, live -> lived, study -> studied, stop -> stopped.

Pronunciation (telaffuz): /t/ after p, k, s, sh, ch (walked, watched); /d/ after vowels and voiced sounds (played, cleaned); /ɪd/ only after t and d (wanted, visited). The e in -ed is usually silent!

• yesterday (dün), yesterday morning (dün sabah)
• last night / week / year (dün gece / geçen hafta / geçen yıl)
• two days ago (iki gün önce): ago comes after the time.

No the with last: last week, not ~~the last week~~.

Many common verbs do not take -ed. Learn them as pairs (çiftler halinde öğrenin):

• go -> went (gitti), see -> saw (gördü), eat -> ate (yedi)
• take -> took (aldı, bindi), buy -> bought (satın aldı)
• have -> had, get -> got, fly -> flew

Use didn't (did not) + the base verb for every person.

• I didn't go to Paris. (Paris'e gitmedim.)
• She didn't buy a ticket.

Not ~~didn't went~~: the past is already in didn't.

• Did you see the museum? (Müzeyi gördün mü?) - Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
• Where did you go? (Nereye gittin?)
• How did you travel? (Nasıl seyahat ettin?)

With was/were we don't use did: Was it nice?

Short adjectives add -er: cheap -> cheaper, big -> bigger, easy -> easier.

Long adjectives use more: expensive -> more expensive.

• Istanbul is bigger than Izmir. (İstanbul İzmir'den daha büyük.)

• This is the cheapest phone. (Bu en ucuz telefon.)
• It is the most beautiful city. (En güzel şehir.)

Irregular: good -> better -> the best, bad -> worse -> the worst.

Use as + adjective + as for equal things (eşitlik): My bag is as heavy as* yours.* (Benim çantam seninki kadar ağır.)

Negative: Ankara is not as big as* Istanbul.* (Ankara İstanbul kadar büyük değil.)

• I have got a cold. / I've got a headache. (Nezlem var. / Başım ağrıyor.)
• My back hurts. (Sırtım ağrıyor.)
• I feel sick. (Midem bulanıyor / Kendimi hasta hissediyorum.)

Question: What's the matter? (Neyin var?)

should + verb = -meli/-malı (tavsiye).

• You should rest. (Dinlenmelisin.)
• You shouldn't go to work. (İşe gitmemelisin.)
• Should I take a pill? (İlaç almalı mıyım?)

No -s and no to after should: He should drink...

Use feel or be + adjective: I feel tired. (Yorgun hissediyorum.) She is worried. (Endişeli.)

Ask: How do you feel? / How are you feeling? (Nasıl hissediyorsun?)

will + verb for things you decide now, promises and offers.

• The phone is ringing. I'll answer it. (Ben açarım.)
• I'll help you. (Sana yardım ederim.)
• I won't be late, I promise. (Geç kalmayacağım, söz.)

won't = will not.

Use be going to + verb for plans you made before (planlar).

• I'm going to visit my aunt on Saturday. (Cumartesi teyzemi ziyaret edeceğim.)
• Are you going to buy a car?

With evidence you can see: Look at those clouds! It's going to rain.

For opinions about the future use will, often with I think or probably: I think it will* be sunny tomorrow.* (Sanırım yarın güneşli olacak.)

Weather words: sunny (güneşli), cloudy (bulutlu), windy (rüzgarlı), snow (kar).