A2 English course: Elementary

The past of *am/is* is was, the past of *are* is were. - I was at home yesterday. (Dün evdeydim.) - They were tired. (Yorgundular.) - She wasn't at work. (İşte değildi.) - Were you at school? (Okulda mıydın?)

Add -ed for all persons: *work -> worked*, *play -> played*, *live -> lived*, *study -> studied*, *stop -> stopped*. Pronunciation (telaffuz): /t/ after p, k, s, sh, ch (*walked*, *watched*); /d/ after vowels and voiced sounds (*played*, *cleaned*); /ɪd/ only after t and d (*wanted*, *visited*). The *e* in -ed is usually silent!

- yesterday (dün), yesterday morning (dün sabah) - last night / week / year (dün gece / geçen hafta / geçen yıl) - two days ago (iki gün önce): *ago* comes after the time. No *the* with *last*: *last week*, not ~~the last week~~.

Many common verbs do not take -ed. Learn them as pairs (çiftler halinde öğrenin): - go -> went (gitti), see -> saw (gördü), eat -> ate (yedi) - take -> took (aldı, bindi), buy -> bought (satın aldı) - have -> had, get -> got, fly -> flew

Use didn't (did not) + the base verb for every person. - I didn't go to Paris. (Paris'e gitmedim.) - She didn't buy a ticket. Not ~~didn't went~~: the past is already in *didn't*.

- Did you see the museum? (Müzeyi gördün mü?) - Yes, I did. / No, I didn't. - Where did you go? (Nereye gittin?) - How did you travel? (Nasıl seyahat ettin?) With *was/were* we don't use *did*: *Was it nice?*

Short adjectives add -er: *cheap -> cheaper*, *big -> bigger*, *easy -> easier*. Long adjectives use more: *expensive -> more expensive*. - Istanbul is bigger than Izmir. (İstanbul İzmir'den daha büyük.)

- This is the cheapest phone. (Bu en ucuz telefon.) - It is the most beautiful city. (En güzel şehir.) Irregular: good -> better -> the best, bad -> worse -> the worst.

Use as + adjective + as for equal things (eşitlik): *My bag is as heavy as yours.* (Benim çantam seninki kadar ağır.) Negative: *Ankara is not as big as Istanbul.* (Ankara İstanbul kadar büyük değil.)

- I have got a cold. / I've got a headache. (Nezlem var. / Başım ağrıyor.) - My back hurts. (Sırtım ağrıyor.) - I feel sick. (Midem bulanıyor / Kendimi hasta hissediyorum.) Question: What's the matter? (Neyin var?)

should + verb = -meli/-malı (tavsiye). - You should rest. (Dinlenmelisin.) - You shouldn't go to work. (İşe gitmemelisin.) - Should I take a pill? (İlaç almalı mıyım?) No -s and no to after should: *He should drink...*

Use feel or be + adjective: *I feel tired.* (Yorgun hissediyorum.) *She is worried.* (Endişeli.) Ask: How do you feel? / How are you feeling? (Nasıl hissediyorsun?)

will + verb for things you decide *now*, promises and offers. - The phone is ringing. I'll answer it. (Ben açarım.) - I'll help you. (Sana yardım ederim.) - I won't be late, I promise. (Geç kalmayacağım, söz.) *won't* = *will not*.

Use be going to + verb for plans you made *before* (planlar). - I'm going to visit my aunt on Saturday. (Cumartesi teyzemi ziyaret edeceğim.) - Are you going to buy a car? With evidence you can see: *Look at those clouds! It's going to rain.*

For opinions about the future use will, often with I think or probably: *I think it will be sunny tomorrow.* (Sanırım yarın güneşli olacak.) Weather words: sunny (güneşli), cloudy (bulutlu), windy (rüzgarlı), snow (kar).